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Properties of solvents



Below is a list of some of the most commonly used solvents. Clicking on each of them will take you to a list with the following properties: melting point, boiling point, dielectric constant, dynamic viscosity, dipole moment, donor number, acceptor number, empirical solvent polarity parameter (ET), and normalized ETN.

If not denoted differently, data are taken from the book J. M. G. Barthel, H. Krienke, W. Kunz, Physical Chemistry of Electrolyte Solutions, Modern Aspects, Springer, 1998.


Solvent
Melting point (1 atm) = °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) =
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) =
Density (25 °C) = kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) =
Donor number (+info)= kcal·mol-1
Acceptor number (+info)=
ET(30) (+info)= kcal·mol-1
ETN (+info)=
Acetone
Melting point (1 atm) = -94.7 °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = 56.29 °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) = 20.56
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) = 0.303 mPa·s
Density (25 °C) = 0.7844 kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) = 2.69 D
Donor number (+info)= 17.0 kcal·mol-1
Acceptor number (+info)= 12.5
ET(30) (+info)= 42.2 kcal·mol-1
ETN (+info)= 0.35
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Acetonitrile
Melting point (1 atm) = -48.835 °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = 81.60 °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) = 35.95
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) = 0.341 mPa·s
Density (25 °C) = 0.7768 kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) = 3.44 D
Donor number (+info)= 14.1 kcal·mol-1
Acceptor number (+info)= 18.9
ET(30) (+info)= 46.0 kcal·mol-1
ETN (+info)= 0.47
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Benzene
Melting point (1 atm) = 5.533 °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = 80.1 °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) = 2.274
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) = 0.6028 mPa·s
Density (25 °C) = 0.87360 kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) = 0.00 D
Donor number (+info)= 0.1 kcal·mol-1
Acceptor number (+info)= 8.2
ET(30) (+info)= 34.5 kcal·mol-1
ETN (+info)= 0.12
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1-Butanol
Melting point (1 atm) = -88.62 °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = 117.725 °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) = 17.43
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) = 2.61 mPa·s
Density (25 °C) = 0.8058 kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) = 1.75 D
Donor number (+info)= (29) kcal·mol-1
Acceptor number (+info)= 36.8
ET(30) (+info)= 50.2 kcal·mol-1
ETN (+info)= 0.60
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γ-Butyrolactone
Melting point (1 atm) = -43.53 °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = 204 °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) = 39.1
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) = 1.7315 mPa·s
Density (25 °C) = 1.1242 kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) = 4.12 D
Donor number (+info)= 18 kcal·mol-1 (reference)
Acceptor number (+info)= (18.6)
ET(30) (+info)= 44.3 kcal·mol-1 (reference)
ETN (+info)= 0.42 (reference)
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Carbon tetrachloride
Melting point (1 atm) = -23.0 °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = 76.8 °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) = 2.22793
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) = 0.905 mPa·s
Density (25 °C) = 1.5844 kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) = 0.00 D
Donor number (+info)= (0) kcal·mol-1
Acceptor number (+info)= 8.6
ET(30) (+info)= 32.5 kcal·mol-1
ETN (+info)= 0.06
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Chloroform
Melting point (1 atm) = -63.6 °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = 61.2 °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) = 4.7218
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) = 0.540 mPa·s
Density (25 °C) = 1.4799 kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) = 1.15 D
Donor number (+info)= (4) kcal·mol-1
Acceptor number (+info)= 23.1
ET(30) (+info)= 39.1 kcal·mol-1
ETN (+info)= 0.26
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Cyclohexane
Melting point (1 atm) = 6.544 °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = 80.725 °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) = 2.017
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) = 0.898 mPa·s
Density (25 °C) = 0.77374 kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) = 0.00 D
Donor number (+info)= - (not known)
Acceptor number (+info)= - (not known)
ET(30) (+info)= 30.9 kcal·mol-1 (reference)
ETN (+info)= 0.006 (reference)
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Diethylene glycol
Melting point (1 atm) = -6.5 °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = 244.8 °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) = 31
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) = 17.4 mPa·s
Density (25 °C) = 1.12 kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) = 2.31 D
Donor number (+info)= - (not known)
Acceptor number (+info)= - (not known)
ET(30) (+info)= 53.8 kcal·mol-1
ETN (+info)= 0.71
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Diethyl carbonate
Melting point (1 atm) = -43.0 °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = 126.8 °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) = 2.806
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) = 0.7529 mPa·s
Density (25 °C) = 0.96928 kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) = 1.07 D (reference)
Donor number (+info)= - (not known)
Acceptor number (+info)= - (not known)
ET(30) (+info)= 36.7 kcal·mol-1 (reference)
ETN (+info)= 0.18 (reference)
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Dimethyl sulfoxide
Melting point (1 atm) = 18.54 °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = 189.0 °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) = 47.0
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) = 1.99 mPa·s
Density (25 °C) = 1.0955 kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) = 3.9 D
Donor number (+info)= 29.8 kcal·mol-1
Acceptor number (+info)= 19.3
ET(30) (+info)= 45.0 kcal·mol-1
ETN (+info)= 0.44
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1,4-Dioxane
Melting point (1 atm) = 11.8 °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = 101.320 °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) = 2.21
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) = 1.20 mPa·s
Density (25 °C) = 1.0281 kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) = 0.45 D
Donor number (+info)= 14.8 kcal·mol-1
Acceptor number (+info)= 10.8
ET(30) (+info)= 36.0 kcal·mol-1
ETN (+info)= 0.16
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Ethanol
Melting point (1 atm) = -114.15 °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = 78.293 °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) = 24.35
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) = 1.087 mPa·s
Density (25 °C) = 0.7850 kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) = 1.66 D
Donor number (+info)= (32) kcal·mol-1
Acceptor number (+info)= 37.9
ET(30) (+info)= 51.9 kcal·mol-1
ETN (+info)= 0.65
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Ethyl acetate
Melting point (1 atm) = -84.0 °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = 71.1 °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) = 6.02
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) = 0.426 mPa·s
Density (25 °C) = 0.8946 kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) = 1.88 D
Donor number (+info)= 17.2 kcal·mol-1
Acceptor number (+info)= - (not known)
ET(30) (+info)= 38.1 kcal·mol-1
ETN (+info)= 0.23
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Formamide
Melting point (1 atm) = 2.6 °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = 218 °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) = 109.5
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) = 3.30 mPa·s
Density (25 °C) = 1.129 kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) = 3.37 D
Donor number (+info)= 24 kcal·mol-1
Acceptor number (+info)= 39.8
ET(30) (+info)= 56.6 kcal·mol-1
ETN (+info)= 0.80
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Glycerol
Melting point (1 atm) = 18.18 °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = 290.0 °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) = 42.5
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) = 945 mPa·s
Density (25 °C) = 1.2582 kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) = 2.67 D
Donor number (+info)= (19) kcal·mol-1
Acceptor number (+info)= (44.3)
ET(30) (+info)= 57.0 kcal·mol-1
ETN (+info)= 0.81
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Methanol
Melting point (1 atm) = -97.68 °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = 64.515 °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) = 32.63
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) = 0.543 mPa·s
Density (25 °C) = 0.7864 kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) = 2.87 D
Donor number (+info)= (30.19) kcal·mol-1
Acceptor number (+info)= 41.5
ET(30) (+info)= 55.5 kcal·mol-1
ETN (+info)= 0.77
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N-methyl formamide
Melting point (1 atm) = -5.4 °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = 180-185 °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) = 186.9
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) = 1.65 mPa·s
Density (25 °C) = 0.99824 kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) = 3.86 D
Donor number (+info)= - (not known)
Acceptor number (+info)= 32.1
ET(30) (+info)= 54.1 kcal·mol-1 (reference)
ETN (+info)= 0.72 (reference)
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1-Propanol
Melting point (1 atm) = -126.2 °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = 97.151 °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) = 20.34
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) = 1.97 mPa·s
Density (25 °C) = 0.7995 kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) = 3.09 D
Donor number (+info)= 37.3 kcal·mol-1
Acceptor number (+info)= - (not known)
ET(30) (+info)= 50.7 kcal·mol-1
ETN (+info)= 0.62
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Propylene carbonate
Melting point (1 atm) = -54.53 °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = 242 °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) = 64.95
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) = 2.51 mPa·s
Density (25 °C) = 1.200 kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) = 4.98 D
Donor number (+info)= 15.1 kcal·mol-1
Acceptor number (+info)= 18.3
ET(30) (+info)= 46.6 kcal·mol-1
ETN (+info)= 0.49
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Pyridine
Melting point (1 atm) = -41.55 °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = 11.256 °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) = 12.4
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) = 0.884 mPa·s
Density (25 °C) = 0.97824 kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) = 2.37 D
Donor number (+info)= 33.1 kcal·mol-1
Acceptor number (+info)= 14.2
ET(30) (+info)= 40.2 kcal·mol-1
ETN (+info)= 0.29
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Tetrahydrofuran
Melting point (1 atm) = -108.5 °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = 65.965 °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) = 7.4
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) = 0.46 mPa·s
Density (25 °C) = 0.8819 kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) = 1.75 D
Donor number (+info)= 20.0 kcal·mol-1
Acceptor number (+info)= 8.0
ET(30) (+info)= 37.4 kcal·mol-1
ETN (+info)= 0.21
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Toluene
Melting point (1 atm) = -95.0 °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = 110.6 °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) = 2.379
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) = 0.552 mPa·s
Density (25 °C) = 0.8623 kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) = 0.31 D
Donor number (+info)= 0.1 kcal·mol-1
Acceptor number (+info)= - (not known)
ET(30) (+info)= 33.9 kcal·mol-1
ETN (+info)= 0.10
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Water
Melting point (1 atm) = 0.00 °C
Boiling point (1 atm) = 100.0 °C
Dielectric constant (25 °C) = 78.36
Dynamic viscosity (25 °C) = 0.8903 mPa·s
Density (25 °C) = 0.997048 kg·dm-3
Dipole moment (in the gas phase) = 1.84 D
Donor number (+info)= 18.0 kcal·mol-1 (reference)
Acceptor number (+info)= 54.8 (reference)
ET(30) (+info)= 63.1 kcal·mol-1 (reference)
ETN (+info)= 1.00 (reference)
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List of Solvents
Acetone Acetone
Acetonitrile Acetonitrile
Benzene Benzene
1-Butanol 1-Butanol
γ-Butyrolactone g-butyrolactone
Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrachloride CCl4
Chloroform Chloroform CHCl3
Cyclohexane Cyclohexane
Diethylene glycol Diethylene glycol
Diethyl carbonate Diethyl carbonate
Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO
1,4-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane
Ethanol Ethanol
Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate
Formamide Formamide
Glycerol Glycerol
Methanol Methanol
N-methyl formamide N-methyl formamide NMF
1-Propanol 1-Propanol
Propylene carbonate Propylene carbonate
Pyridine Pyridine
Tetrahydrofuran Tetrahydrofuran THF
Toluene Toluene
Water Water H2O
Definition of Donor Number (DN):
A donor number (DN) is a quantitative measure of Lewis basicity. Victor Gutmann [V. Gutmann, Electrochim. Acta, 1976, 21, 661–670, 21] defined DN (also referred to as “donicity”), as a quantitative measure for the tendency to donate electron pairs to acceptors. The DN-scale is determined by the value of the reaction enthalpy between the Lewis acid SbCl5 and chemical compound dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane.

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Definition of Acceptor Number (AC)
The acceptor number (AN) as a measure for the electrophilic properties of a solvent, namely the ability to accept electron pairs or at least electron density [U. Mayer, V. Gutmann, W. Gerger, Monatsh. Chem. 1975, 106, 1235–1257]. The AN scale is determined on the basis of the 13P-NMR chemical shift against the sensor Et3PO.

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Definition of Solvent Polarity Parameter (ET):
ET is the empirical solvent polarity parameter, determined by the absorption of betaine (30) in the solvent [C. Reichardt, T. Welton, Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, 4th Edition 2011].

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Definition of Normalized ET (ETN):
The normalized ETN values are determined on a scale where tetramethyl silane (TMS, least polar) is ascribed ETN(TMS)=0.00 and water (W, most polar) ETN(W)=1.00. ETN is then obtained using the equation [C. Reichardt, T. Welton, Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, 4th Edition 2011].

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Reference:
C. S. Kim, S. M. Oh , Electrochim, Acta, 2000, 45, 2101–2109.

Reference:
C. Reichardt, T. Welton, Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, 4th Edition 2011.

Reference:
Y. Marcus, Ions in Water and Biophysical Implication, Springer Science + Business Media Dordrecht 2012.

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